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Great Lakes Chemical Corporation Business Information, Profile, and History

One Great Lakes Boulevard
P.O. Box 2200
West Lafayette, Indiana 47906-0200
U.S.A.

History of Great Lakes Chemical Corporation

Great Lakes Chemical Corporation is one of the world's largest manufacturers of bromine and brominated chemical products. Bromine, an acrid red liquid which irritates the skin, mixes easily with hundreds of organic compounds, producing thousands of toxic and non-toxic chemicals. Although bromine compounds are not its only products, Great Lakes Chemical relies heavily on bromine for much of its revenue.

Great Lakes Chemical was originally founded as an oil and gas exploration company called the McClanahan Oil Company. Its founder, W. L. McClanahan, established the company to take advantage of a growing oil industry centered near Mount Pleasant in central Michigan. The company remained small for many years, restricted both by competition from larger companies and limited oil reserves in Michigan.

In 1946 Charles Hale, a geologist and Wall Street financier, became the largest shareholder of the McClanahan Oil Company and later assumed its presidency. As part of his goal to create a natural resources conglomerate, Hale engineered the company's acquisition of the Great Lakes Chemical Corporation in March of 1948. Great Lakes Chemical held titles to oil and gas reserves, as well as some bromine wells near Filer City, Michigan. In May of 1950 the two companies merged to form the Great Lakes Oil & Chemical Company.

During the 1950s Great Lakes expanded its petroleum interests by purchasing the Olds Oil Corporation in December of 1951 and the Cleveland Oil Company in October of 1952. These companies were later merged with Great Lakes Oil & Chemical as part of a program to rationalize production. The company's ability to compete in its traditional petroleum markets began to erode during the late 1950s. Faced with impending bankruptcy, Great Lakes was forced to alter substantially its business strategies.

Earl T. McBee, a professor of industrial chemistry at Purdue University and a consultant to Great Lakes since 1953, advocated the company's gradual withdrawal from the petroleum industry, favoring instead the expansion of its bromine operation. Charles Hale agreed with McBee and in 1957 authorized the sale of the company's oil properties in California. Through the sale of additional California real estate during 1960, Great Lakes raised enough capital to purchase a 50 percent share of Arkansas Chemicals Inc., which owned several bromine-rich brine wells in Arkansas. As a result, Great Lakes became a major bromine products company by gaining a stake in the best deposits before the industry leader Dow Chemical could do so.

The company changed its name to Great Lakes Chemical Corporation on May 9, 1960, and continued its reorganization process by attempting to diversify into financial services. The venture was unsuccessful, however, and was discontinued in 1963.

At the time, the largest application for bromine was ethylene dibromide, an additive to leaded gasoline. Ethylene dibromide, however, was a simple commodity chemical with a low profit margin. In an effort to create a line of more profitable specialty chemicals, Great Lakes Chemical devoted 5 percent of its sales to develop new bromine compounds in a joint venture with PPG Industries. Applications were found for bromine in a wide variety of products, including biodegradable soil fumigants and herbicides, dyes, cleansing powders, synthetic rubber, refrigerants, photographic papers, and flame-retardant additives for plastics.

In 1969 Great Lakes Chemical purchased the Cavedon Chemical Company and the Microseal Corporation, in addition to Lunevale Products Ltd. of Lancaster, England. The following year Great Lakes Chemical formed a joint venture with Pechiney Ugine Kuhlmann of France called Sobrom. Sobrom was established to develop brominated soil fumigants for the European market. The company increased its presence in France in 1972 when it formed another company called Microfral with Compagnie Fran&ccedils des Lubricants. Through these companies, Great Lakes Chemical enlarged its marketing network on an international scale.

In 1973, Earl McBee died of a heart attack. He was succeeded by Emerson Kampen, an employee of many years who gained a reputation for strong central management. Kampen continued many of McBee's policies, including that of cooperation with French companies. In February of 1976 Great Lakes Chemical agreed to form an American joint venture with Pechiney Ugine Kuhlmann called the Forex Chemical Corporation, which was established to develop fire extinguishing compounds.

In the latter half of the 1970s, other chemical manufacturers accidentally released bromine fire retardants into rivers, causing cattle to be poisoned in Michigan and raising questions about the safety of these retardants in children's pajamas. Great Lakes Chemical maintained that its bromine products were safe, but it was forced to observe costly new regulatory measures imposed on the industry.

Great Lakes Chemical had become highly profitable, taking advantage of higher demand and new applications for bromine. The company nearly doubled its brine reserves near El Dorado, Arkansas, when it purchased the bromine operations of Northwest Industries' Velsicol subsidiary in 1981. In doing so, Great Lakes Chemical prevented competitors like Dow and Ethyl from increasing their bromine assets. The Federal Trade Commission, however, filed suit to prevent the takeover on antitrust grounds. After several years of litigation the matter was finally settled in March of 1984, when the FTC agreed to permit the takeover on the condition that Great Lakes would license its technologies to PPG Industries, in order to make it a "viable competitor."

In 1984 the federal government banned ethylene dibromide for non-fuel uses. As a result of the ban, Great Lakes Chemical only lost 2 percent of profits; however, the increased use of unleaded gasoline during the late 1970s forced the company to de-emphasize production of ethylene dibromide.

To compensate, Great Lakes Chemical chose to expand into biotechnology and in 1982 took control over the Enzyme Technologies Corporation. Another promising area for expansion was oil field chemicals. Clear fluids containing bromine salts are effective agents in flushing oil out of the ground. In July of 1982 Great Lakes purchased a fluids company called Mobley Chemical and in October acquired a 63 percent share of the Oilfield Service Corporation of America.

In September of 1983 Great Lakes Chemical purchased the Inland Specialty Chemical Corporation for $10 million. The acquisition marked the entry of Great Lakes into the area of electronic chemicals, where it sought to apply its halogen-based X-ray resist technology to semiconductors.

The company's expansion belied an internal problem: the leadership of Emerson Kampen was repeatedly called into question and described as "abusive" by senior managers. As a result of Kampen's refusal to delegate greater authority, five vice presidents resigned from Great Lakes Chemical between 1975 and 1984. One of those vice presidents was Kenneth Karmel, who left in 1982 to head Ethyl's new Bromine Chemicals Division. Fearing that its industrial secrets would be compromised, Great Lakes Chemical challenged Karmel's contract with Ethyl in court.

By the mid-1980s, Great Lakes Chemical claimed to be the largest producer of bromine products in America, largely through the benefit of licensing agreements with other companies. Although bromine chemistry accounted for over 80 percent of Great Lakes' products, Great Lakes management denied that the company was dependent on one product. The company had several hundred different products and efforts to diversify continued.

Over the next five years, Great Lakes continued its domestic and international expansion by making seven more acquisitions. In April of 1985 the company purchased the remaining shares of Enzyme Technology Corp. in exchange for Great Lakes shares worth approximately $331,000 and all of the outstanding stock of Purex Pool Products, Inc., for almost $21 million. The Purex acquisition marked the establishment of a new specialty in recreational water treatment products. This investment was further developed with the purchase in 1990 of Bio-Lab, Inc., a manufacturer of swimming pool and spa products, for $55.4 million in cash.

In 1986, the company acquired Pentech Corp. and QO Chemicals, Inc., a furfural specialty chemicals group, for $121.6 million in cash. In the same year, Great Lakes purchased a 15 percent interest in Huntsman Chemical Corp. and an additional 25 percent interest in January 1987. In January 1995, Great Lakes divested 23 percent of its stake, retaining enough to maintain friendly customer relations. Great Lakes received a $130 million cash dividend that put the company in an even better position to continue its program of expansion through acquisition. In March of that year, the Huntsman family bought back all remaining shares owned by Great Lakes.

In 1989, Great Lakes acquired a 51.15 percent interest in Octel Associates and its operating company Associated Octel Company, Limited, for $198 million. That interest was raised to 87.82 percent when Great Lakes purchased Shell U.K. Limited's 36.67 percent interest. This acquisition was a major advancement in Great Lakes' strategy to keep "a specialty chemical orientation, leveraging strong raw materials positions, being a low-cost manufacturer, and developing high performance products." Octel Associates was the world's largest supplier of motor fuel compounds and Europe's leading producer of key raw materials.

Great Lakes grew internationally over the next few years with the acquisition of Degussa AG's chemical manufacturing facility in Konstanz, Germany; Bayrol Chemische Fabrik GmbH; LOWI, a German-based manufacturer of polymer stabilizers; and Societé Fran&ccedilse d'Organo-Syntheses, a polymer additives and specialty polymer producer. By 1994, Great Lakes was in the number two position in the $2 billion polymer stabilizers market. The acquisition of Bayrol had given the company access to the European and Mediterranean markets. With Bio-Lab's presence in Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, and the acquisition of Aqua Chem to strengthen U.S. market penetration, Great Lakes was well represented in all the key markets for water treatment products.

In 1994, Emerson Kampen stepped down due to serious medical complications and was succeeded by senior executive Robert McDonald as chief executive officer and by board member Martin Hale as chairman. In the 20 years of Kampen's tenure, the company had grown more than a hundredfold in annual revenue. His strategy of taking a "disproportionate share of the growth markets for bromine-based chemicals, both domestically and internationally" had made the company successful and continued to be its dominant principle.

By 1994, the company described itself as having operations in one dominant industry segment, but as being diversified within that segment. Great Lakes announced a reorganization dividing the company into six autonomous business units by product type: flame retardants, intermediates and fine chemicals, petroleum additives, polymer stabilizers, specialized services and manufacturing, and water treatment. Each group would include its own manufacturing, research and development, and marketing functions. The company had grown to hold plants at 32 locations in 14 states and eight foreign countries, with operations around the world. More than half of net sales to unaffiliated customers were derived from transactions with foreign companies.

Great Lakes' bromine capacity represented 20 percent of the world's supply in 1992. By 1995, capacity constraints were preventing the company from accepting profitable business. Strong markets for flame-retardant products encouraged Great Lakes to invest $60 million in enhancing bromine derivative production capacity. An estimated additional $40 million dollars were earmarked to enhance bromine production capacity in the United States and abroad.

Principal Subsidiaries: Bayrol Chemische Fabrik GmbH; Bio-Lab, Inc.; Chemische Werke LOWI Beteiligungs GmbH & Co.; Chemol RT (78%); E/M Corporation; Four Seasons Industrial Services, Inc.; Great Lakes Chemical (Europe), Ltd.; Great Lakes Chemical France S.A.; Great Lakes Chemical International, Inc.; Great Lakes Chemical Italia S.r.l.; KAO-Quaker Co., Ltd. (50%); Octel Associates and The Associated Octel Company, Limited (87.8%); Octel Chemicals Limited; OSCA, Inc.; WIL Research Laboratories, Inc.

Related information about Great Lakes

The largest group of freshwater lakes in the world, in C North America, on the Canada窶填SA border; drained by the St Lawrence R; consists of Lakes Superior, Michigan (the only one entirely in the USA), Huron, Erie, Ontario; sometimes L St Clair is included; water surface c.245 300 kmツイ/94 700 sq mi, c.87 270 kmツイ/33 700 sq mi in Canada; connected by navigable straits and canals (St Mary's R and the Soo Canals, Strait of Mackinac, St Clair R and Lake, Detroit R, Niagara R, Welland Canal and the St Lawrence R and Seaway), giving the lakes access to each other and to the Atlantic Ocean; used (May窶泥ec) for an enormous volume of coal, ore, grain, and other products; water pollution a recent problem.

For the African lakes, see African Great Lakes. For other uses of this term, see Great Lakes (disambiguation).

The Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border.

Lakes



The Great Lakes are:

  • Lake Superior (the largest by volume and deepest, larger than Scotland or South Carolina)
  • Lake Michigan (the second-largest by volume and third-largest by area; Considered together, Michigan-Huron would be larger in surface area than Lake Superior, but smaller in total water volume.

    A much smaller sixth lake, Lake St. Clair, is part of the Great Lakes system between Lake Huron and Lake Erie, but is not considered one of the "Great Lakes." The system also includes the rivers that connect the lakes: St. Marys River between Lake Superior and Lake Huron, the St. Clair River between Lake Huron and Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie, and the Niagara River and Niagara Falls, between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. (Lake Michigan is connected to Lake Huron through the Straits of Mackinac.) Large islands and a peninsula divides Lake Huron into the lake proper and Georgian Bay.

    The lakes are bounded by Ontario (all of the lakes but Michigan), Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan (all but Ontario), Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. The Saint Lawrence River, which marks the same international border for a portion of its course, is a primary outlet of these interconnected lakes, and flows through Quebec and past the Gaspテゥ Peninsula to the northern Atlantic Ocean.

    Sprinkled throughout the lakes are the approximately 35,000 Great Lakes islands, including Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron, the largest island in any inland body of water, and Isle Royale in Lake Superior, the largest island in the largest lake (each island large enough to itself contain multiple lakes).

    Today, 20 percent of the world?s fresh surface water is contained in the five great lakes: 5,473 cubic miles (22,812 kmツウ), or 6 quadrillion gallons (22.81 quadrillion litres) in all. larger than the states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont and New Hampshire combined.

    The Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway opened the Great Lakes to ocean-going vessels. However the move to wider ocean-going container ships - which do not fit through the locks on these routes - has limited shipping on the lakes. There are some icebreakers that operate on the lakes.

    The lakes have an effect on weather in the region, known as lake effect. clear:both;">


    Relative elevations, average depths, maximum depths, and volumes of the Great Lakes.


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    $maxdepth at:-732 text:"1,332 ft (406 m)"
    
 

     bar:Michigan from:-348 till:577 width:113 color:blue5
    
    $elevation at:577 text:"577 ft~(176 m)"
    
    $avgdepth at:298 shift:(0,2) text:"279 ft~(85 m)"
    
    $maxdepth at:-348 text:"925 ft (282 m)"
    
 

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    $elevation at:577 text:"577 ft~(176 m)"
    
    $avgdepth at:382 shift:(0,1) text:"195 ft (59 m)"
    
    $maxdepth at:-173 text:"750 ft (229 m)"
    
 

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    Notes:
    		 The area of each rectangle is proportionate to the volume of each lake. All measurements at Low Water Datum.
    Source:
    		 EPA's Great Lakes Atlas: Factsheet #1.

    Geologic pre-history

    The Great Lakes were formed at the end of the last ice age about 10,000 years ago, when the Laurentide ice sheet receded. When this happened, the glaciers left behind a large amount of meltwater (see Lake Agassiz) which filled up the basins that the glaciers had carved, thus creating the Great Lakes as we know them today. Because of the uneven nature of glacier erosion, some higher hills became Great Lakes islands. The Niagara Escarpment follows the contour of the Great Lakes between New York and Wisconsin -- Herbert Simon called this escarpment the spinal cord of my native land.

    Economy

    The lakes are extensively used for transport, though cargo traffic has decreased considerably in recent years. The Great Lakes Waterway makes each of the lakes accessible.

    During settlement, the Great Lakes and its rivers were the only practical means of moving people and freight. (See Edmund Fitzgerald and Le Griffon.) Barges from middle North America were able to reach the Atlantic Ocean from the Great Lakes when the Erie Canal opened in 1825. By 1848, with the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal at Chicago, direct access to the Mississippi River was possible from the lakes. Since many immigrants settled for a time in New England before moving westward, many areas on the U.S. side of the Great Lakes also have a New England feel, especially in home styles and accent.

    Since general freight these days is transported by railroads and trucks (lorries), domestic ships mostly move bulk cargoes, such as iron ore and its derivatives, coal and limestone for the steel industry. Because of the location of the coal fields in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and the general northeast track of the Appalachian Mountains, railroads naturally developed shipping routes that went due north to ports such as Erie, Pennsylvania and Ashtabula, Ohio.

    Because the lake maritime community largely developed independently, it has its own language. Foreign boats are known as salties.

    One of the more common sights on the lakes is the 1,000 by 105-foot (305 by 32-m), 60,000 U.S. long tons (61,000 metric tonnes) self-unloader.

    Modern economy

    The Great Lakes are used as a major mode of transport for bulk goods. The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by Renテゥ Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, was built at Cayuga Creek, near the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first sailing ship to travel the upper Great Lakes on August 7, 1679.

    In 2002, 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo was moved on the Lakes. A few small cruise ships operate on the Great Lakes including a couple of sailing ships. Sport fishing, commercial fishing, and Native American fishing represent a US$4 billion a year industry with salmon, whitefish, smelt, lake trout, and walleye being major catches.

    The Great Lakes are used to supply drinking water to tens of millions of people in bordering areas.

    Passenger traffic

    Several ferries operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands, including Isle Royale, Pelee Island, Mackinac Island, Beaver Island, both Bois Blanc Islands, Kelleys Island, South Bass Island, North Manitou Island, South Manitou Island, Harsens Island, Manitoulin Island, and the Toronto Islands. As of 2005, three car ferry services cross the Great Lakes: a steamer across Lake Michigan from Ludington, Michigan to Manitowoc, Wisconsin; a high speed catamaran on a second Lake Michigan route from Milwaukee to Muskegon, Michigan. An international ferry across Lake Ontario from Rochester, New York to Toronto ran during the summer of 2004, but is no longer in operation. There are parts where no land is visible because of the immense size of the Lakes: thus they are sometimes referred to as inland seas.

    Storms and reefs are a common threat, and many thousands of ships have sunk in these waters. The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 became the worst Great Lakes storm on record: at least 12 ships sank, and 31 more were stranded on rocks and beaches. USS Freedom (LCS-1) is newest warship to be built on the Great Lakes. The Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817 limits the number of armed vessels permitted on the Great Lakes.

    The greatest concentration of these wrecks lies near Thunder Bay (Michigan), beneath Lake Huron, near the point where eastbound and westbound shipping lanes converge. Today there is a U.S. NOAA Marine Archeology Research Station located in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary.

    Invasive species

    The Great Lakes have been hit economically by various invasive species, namely the sea lamprey, Quagga mussel, and zebra mussel. An electric fence has been set up across the mouth of the Great Lakes in order to keep an invasive species of Asian carp out of the area. Some water is diverted through the Chicago River to operate the Illinois Waterway but the flow is limited by treaty. Under the U.S. "Water Resources Development Act"www.ohiodnr.com/water/planing/greatlksgov/fedstatut.htm, diversions of water from the Great Lakes basin requires the approval of all eight Great Lakes governors, which rarely occurs. In 1998, the Canadian company Nova Group won approval from the Province of Ontario to withdraw 158,000,000 US gallons (600,000 mツウ) of Lake Superior water annually to ship by tanker to Asian countries. Since that time, the eight Great Lakes Governors and the Premiers of Ontario and Quebec have negotiated the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement www.cglg.org/projects/water/docs/12-13-05/Great_Lakes-St_Lawrence_River_Basin_Sustainable_Water_Resources_Agreement.pdf and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact www.cglg.org/projects/water/docs/12-13-05/Great_Lakes-St_Lawrence_River_Basin_Water_Resources_Compact.pdf that would prevent most future diversion proposals and all long-distance ones.

    Restoration

    In the U.S. Congress, the Great Lakes Collaboration Implementation Act frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_bills&docid=f:h5100ih.txt.pdf puts into practice priority recommendations of a $20 billion Great Lakes clean-up plan released in December as part of the Great Lakes Regional Collaboration www.glrc.us, a planning process established by President Bush in 2004. The Great Lakes Collaboration Implementation Act would:

    ?Stop the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species by enacting a comprehensive national program.
    ?Prevent the Asian carp from entering the Great Lakes by authorizing the Corps of Engineers to maintain and operate the dispersal barrier on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and prohibit the importation and sale of Asian carp.
    ?Restore fish and wildlife habitat by reauthorizing the Great Lakes Fish & Wildlife Restoration Act at $20 million.
    ?Prevent sewage contamination by reauthorizing the State Revolving Loan Fund and provide $20 billion over five years to assist communities nationally with improving their wastewater infrastructure.
    ?Clean up contaminated sediment under the Great Lakes Legacy Act by authorizing $150 million per year.
    ?Phase out mercury in products by establishing a new grant program and improving existing research programs.
    ?Coordinate and improve Great Lakes programs by establishing the Great Lakes Interagency Task Force and the Great Lakes Regional Collaboration process.

    The Healing Our Waters(R) - Great Lakes Coalition www.restorethelakes.org has formed to help groups and citizens across the United States advocate for restoring the health of the Great Lakes.

    Additions to the Five Great Lakes

    Lake Champlain on the border between upstate New York and northwestern Vermont briefly became labelled by the U.S. government as the sixth "Great Lake of the United States" on March 6, 1998, when President Clinton signed Senate Bill 927. This bill, which reauthorized the National Sea Grant Program, contained a line penned by Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT) declaring Lake Champlain to be a Great Lake. The claim was viewed with some amusement by other countries, particularly in the Canadian media as many Canadians were originally unfamiliar with the lake's existence (despite its role in the War of 1812) and the lake is small compared to other Canadian lakes (such as Great Bear Lake which has over 27x more surface area). Following a small uproar (and several New York Times articles), the Great Lake status was rescinded on March 24 (although Vermont universities continue to receive funds to monitor and study the lake).

    Similarly, there has been interest in making Lake St. Clair a Great Lake. According to the bi-national (U.S. and Canadian) resource book, The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book, "the largest Great Lakes fish harvests were recorded in 1889 and 1899 at some 67,000 tonnes (147 million pounds)," though the beginning of environmental impacts on the fish can be traced back nearly a century prior to those years.

    By 1801, New York legislators found it necessary to pass regulations curtailing obstructions to the natural migrations of Atlantic salmon from Lake Erie into their spawning channels. In the development of ecological problems in the Great Lakes, it was the influx of parasitic lamprey populations after the development of the Erie Canal and the much later Welland Canal that led to the two federal governments attempting to work together ? (expanses of lake bed covered by various combinations of such substances as solvents, wood preservatives, coal tar, and metals) found in Lake Superior, the St. Clair River, and other portions of the Great Lakes region.

    According to the authoritative bi-national source The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book, "Only pockets remain of the once large commercial fishery." Marie, Michigan
  • Marquette, Michigan
  • Houghton, Michigan

Lake Michigan

  • Green Bay, Wisconsin
  • Manitowoc, Wisconsin
  • Milwaukee, Wisconsin
  • Racine, Wisconsin
  • Kenosha, Wisconsin
  • Chicago, Illinois
  • Gary, Indiana
  • Michigan City, Indiana
  • Benton Harbor, Michigan
  • Holland, Michigan
  • Muskegon, Michigan
  • Norton Shores, Michigan
  • Traverse City, Michigan
  • Escanaba, Michigan

Lake Erie

  • Monroe, Michigan
  • Toledo, Ohio
  • Sandusky, Ohio
  • Cleveland, Ohio
  • Erie, Pennsylvania
  • Fort Erie, Ontario
  • Buffalo, New York
  • Detroit, Michigan
  • Leamington, Ontario
  • Windsor, Ontario

Lake Ontario

  • Rochester, New York
  • Oswego, New York
  • Hamilton, Ontario
  • Kingston, Ontario
  • Toronto, Ontario
  • Oshawa, Ontario
  • St. Catharines, Ontario

Lake Huron

  • Alpena, Michigan
  • Bay City, Michigan
  • Port Huron, Michigan
  • Sarnia, Ontario
  • Owen Sound, Ontario
  • Collingwood, Ontario

See also

  • Sixty Years' War for control of the Great Lakes
  • International Boundary Waters Treaty
  • Muskellunge
  • Northern Pike

References

  • Beltran, R.

Additional topics

Company HistoryChemical Products Manufacturing

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